LiFePO4 batteries excel at daily cycling and short-term storage, while hydrogen systems handle extended periods. . Cost-effective and zero-carbon-emission seasonal/annual en-ergy storage is highly required to achieve the Zero Emission Scenario (ZES) by 2050. The combination of Al production via inert-anode smelting and Al conversion to electricity via Al air batteries is a potential option. Although playing an. . Phase 4 introduces battery storage for medium-term applications. Phase 5 implements long-term storage solutions essential for seasonal variability management. The International Renewable Energy Agency has positioned hydrogen as a cornerstone technology for seasonal energy storage, despite. . However, the minimum CO2 emissions scenario shows a key addition: the reliance on both short-term (via thermal storage and batteries) and seasonal (via power-to-hydrogen, PtH2) storage to increase self-sufficiency and decarbonize the system. Seasonal energy storage is a multi-faceted technology. . Lithium-ion batteries have become far more affordable and are now an increasingly viable method of providing hourly and daily load balancing in heavily decarbonized electricity markets. But they won't come close to meeting the need for seasonal storage solutions. This research was made possible. . Seasonal energy storage can be divided into narrow seasonal energy storage (referred to as narrow energy storage) and generalized seasonal energy storage (referred to as generalized energy storage) based on its energy conversion properties. Energy storage in a narrow sense is an energy storage. .
