Advances in solid-state, sodium-ion, and flow batteries promise higher energy densities, faster charging, and longer lifespans, enabling electric vehicles to travel farther, microgrids to operate efficiently, and renewable energy to integrate seamlessly into the grid. . Lithium-ion batteries dominate the market, but other technologies are emerging, including sodium-ion, flow batteries, liquid CO2 storage, a combination of lithium-ion and clean hydrogen, and gravity and thermal storage. There is a growing need to increase the capacity for storing the energy. . MITEI's three-year Future of Energy Storage study explored the role that energy storage can play in fighting climate change and in the global adoption of clean energy grids. Replacing fossil fuel-based power generation with power generation from wind and solar resources is a key strategy for. . Energy-storage technologies play a pivotal role in enabling the effective integration and utilization of intermittent renewable energy resources, particularly solar and wind power, by stabilizing supply–demand fluctuations and ensuring grid reliability [4]. These technologies are widely deployed. . Energy storage beyond lithium ion is rapidly transforming how we store and deliver power in the modern world. Although energy storage technologies are leading the charge in the current. .
