Secondary frequency regulation, executed through Automatic Generation Control (AGC), requires continuous adjustments to active power output to maintain system frequency within narrow tolerances (e., 50 Hz or 60 Hz ±0. The intermittent and unpredictable nature of renewable energy increases grid frequency fluctuations, while traditional thermal power units. . Traditional frequency regulation resources, such as thermal and hydroelectric plants, suffer from slow response times, limited adjustability, and insufficient capacity to counteract the rapid power imbalances introduced by solar and wind farms. In contrast, energy storage battery systems offer. . Frequency regulation is a critical part of maintaining stability in power systems. It ensures that the balance between power generation and consumption keeps the system frequency within acceptable limits. Two key components of frequency control are primary frequency regulation and secondary. . As secondary frequency regulation (SFR) is related to the economic operation and the quality of auxiliary services provided by PSPs, it is critical to clarify its performance and compensation. Therefore, the corresponding quantitative evaluations of the SFR of pumped storage units (PSUs) are. . This work focuses on enhancing microgrid resilience through a combination of effective frequency regulation and optimized communication strategies within distributed control frameworks using hybrid energy storages. At the same time, with the rapid development of renewable energy and the increasing demand for flexibility in power systems, electrochemical energy storage technology has shown great. .
