This review provides a detailed examination of membrane-free RFBs, focusing on recent technological advances and design optimization. Moreover, it highlights the growing importance of membrane-free designs for achieving higher efficiency and scalability in energy-storage systems. . A flow battery, or redox flow battery (after reduction–oxidation), is a type of electrochemical cell where chemical energy is provided by two chemical components dissolved in liquids that are pumped through the system on separate sides of a membrane. These cells can be connected in series or parallel to achieve the desired power. . Stanford researchers have developed a low cost, safe, environmentally friendly, rechargeable Zn/MnO 2 flow battery with the potential for grid scale energy storage. Due to capacity decay, primary (non-rechargeable) Zn/MnO 2 batteries have dominated until now. The Yi Cui Group addresses capacity. . The battery industry is on the brink of a major transformation with the introduction of condensed batteries—a new high-energy-density technology that could redefine applications across electric vehicles (EVs), aviation, and beyond. Leading this charge is Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. The primary innovation in flow batteries is their ability to store large amounts of energy for long periods, making. .
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