From simple air-based systems to advanced immersion techniques, each approach has its strengths and trade-offs. . In today's competitive electric vehicle (EV) market, battery thermal management system (BTMS) designs are aimed toward operating batteries at optimal temperature range during charging and discharging process and meet promised performance and lifespan with zero tolerance on safety. As batteries. . In addition to batteries, BESS include other key components that affect thermal management, such as electrical wiring (e., current collectors, feeders, and busbars) and cooling-related components. Multiphysics modeling and simulation enables the integration of the underlying physics and. . Battery thermal management (BTMS) systems are of several types. BTMS with evolution of EV battery technology becomes a critical system. Earlier battery systems were just reliant on passive cooling. Now with increased size (kWh capacity), Voltage (V), Ampere (amps) in proportion to increased range. . Choosing the right thermal management system for the batteries of electric vehicles is crucial to address electrical energy used by electric ancillary components to cool down or heat up vehicle systems including powertrain and cabin. In this post, we'll explore three popular battery thermal management systems; air, liquid & immersion cooling, and where each one fits best within battery pack design. Here's a breakdown. .