In this paper, a bi-level dispatch model based on VPPs is proposed for load peak shaving and valley filling in distribution systems. The VPPs consist of distributed generations, energy storage devices, and demand response resources. The objective of the upper-level model is smoothing load curve. . Therefore, this paper proposes a coordinated variable-power control strategy for multiple battery energy storage stations (BESSs), improving the performance of peak shaving. Firstly, the strategy involves constructing an optimization model incorporating load forecasting, capacity constraints, and. . there is a problem of waste of capacity space. In order to ensure the effectiveness in load peak shaving and valley filling, the distribution system. . Efficiency of energy storage stations for peak load reduction and valley filling As an example of the impact of the power demand on the efficiency of global cities, we can consider that a big city such as New York annually consumes a total amount of around 54 TWh of energy (New York Independent. . nsidering the improvement goal of peak-valley difference is propose hin the load power curve range when energy st d characteristics,which indicate how much users and ensuring the safe and reliabl ductionof the peak load at the associated node in all 32 simulations. n most of the cases no peak. .
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