Photovoltaic modules consist of interconnected cells, and their output characteristics are represented in an I-V curve. Parameters like open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and maximum power point are crucial for system design. . Solar panels are made from a combination of solar cells. Many factors affect the output voltage of the panel. They are heat buildup/surface temperature, energy conversion efficiency, location, solar shading, orientation and mounting position, environmental temperature, humidity, wind velocity. . The Current-Voltage Characteristic (I-V): This is the output current of a PV module or system as a function of the output voltage. The general I-V characteristic of a PV system is shown in the figure below: The Power-Voltage Characteristic (P-V): The P-V characteristic of a PV system is its output. . There are three types of solar panel voltages. The circuit is open as there is no load, so there is no flow of current. A multimeter is connected at the terminals of the solar panel. . This article examines the performance characteristics of PV modules, emphasizing key measurements, factors influencing efficiency, and the importance of maximum power point tracking for optimal performance. Solar PV cells convert sunlight into electricity, producing around 1 watt in full sunlight. . The following factors typically affect the performance of solar panels: The variation of load (resistance) causes the modules voltage to change affecting panel efficiency and current output. When possible, system designers should ensure that the PV system operates at voltages close to the maximum. . Each advancement has contributed to improvements in the design and materials of solar cells, affecting their voltage output. Research shows that the voltage output of solar cells is influenced by several key factors: Temperature: The performance and efficiency decrease as temperature rises. .
