Building upon both strands of work, we propose to characterize business models of energy storage as the combination of an application of storage with the revenue stream earned from the operation and the market role of the investor.
Although academic analysis finds that business models for energy storage are largely unprofitable, annual deployment of storage capacity is globally on the rise (IEA, 2020). One reason may be generous subsidy support and non-financial drivers like a first-mover advantage (Wood Mackenzie, 2019).
Where a profitable application of energy storage requires saving of costs or deferral of investments, direct mechanisms, such as subsidies and rebates, will be effective. For applications dependent on price arbitrage, the existence and access to variable market prices are essential.
The revenue stream describes the type of income a storage facility can generate from its operation. Table 1 provides a list and description of eight distinct applications derived from previous reviews on potential applications for energy storage (Castillo and Gayme, 2014; Kousksou et al., 2014; Palizban and Kauhaniemi, 2016).
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